The intensification of technological competition between the United States and China has transformed technology supply chains from mechanisms serving purely economic functions into instruments of geopolitical power and national security. Although the existing literature has addressed topics such as technological competition, interdependence, export controls, and geoeconomics, few studies have provided a coherent theoretical framework capable of explaining the causal relationship between the strategic competition of the two powers, the securitization of technology supply chains, and its implications for the transformation of the international political economy. Accordingly, the central research question of this study is: How does the securitization of technology supply chains link the technological competition between the United States and China to the structural transformation of the international political economy? Using a systematic approach and a theoretical synthesis framework, this study integrates the three perspectives of the Thucydides Trap, Weaponized Interdependence, and International Political Economy into a unified conceptual framework. Methodologically, the research is based on deductive reasoning, conceptual analysis, and the library research method. Its data were collected and analyzed through a systematic review of books, peer-reviewed scholarly articles, official reports, and strategic documents published between 2017 and 2025. The findings indicate that the strategic competition between the United States and China, through the securitization of technology supply chains, has transformed technological interdependencies into geopolitical instruments. Through measures such as export controls, technology sanctions, friend-shoring, investment screening, and technology alliances, it has reshaped global production and innovation networks. Consequently, the international political economy is undergoing a transition from a globalization model driven by market efficiency toward a security-oriented and bloc-based order in which control over technology and technology supply chains constitutes the principal source of power and the redistribution of influence within the international system.