Critical Studies and the Middle East Peace Process

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 faculty member at the School of Law and Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch

2 Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch (Isfahan)

Abstract

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the complicated crises that traces back to nearly a century ago. It caused severe challenges and brought about disastrous consequences both for the Middle East region and the conflicting parties. Numerous attempts have taken place so far by different states, organizations and individuals to establish a lasting and comprehensive peace in this conflict, but given the intransigence positions of the conflicting parties, the attempts were futile and still there is no light at the end of this tunnel. The limitations of the realistic viewpoint that dominates the conflict and considers its signs rather than its root causes, made us tackle the issue through a proper, more appropriate approach.. To us, critical studies, particularly the emancipation approach which goes beyond the realistic limitations, deliberates the contemporary and historical conditions together with its nature and tries to remove situations leading to the conflict is a more viable strategy to achieve a lasting peace.

Keywords


Article Title [Persian]

مطالعات انتقادی و روند صلح خاورمیانه

Keywords [Persian]

  • نظریه انتقادی
  • رهایی
  • اسرائیل
  • فلسطین
  • روند صلح خاورمیانه
  • ایالات متحده
AFP (Agence France-Presse). (2014). US denies dismantling peace negotiators team. Ynet. May 6. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4516768,00.html
A Keynote Conversation With Jared Kushner (2017) “AMERICA FIRST” And The Middle East. The Brookings Institution. Center for Middle East Policy. December 3. https:// www. brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/ 2017/11/fp_ 20171205_ keynote_kushner.pdf
Babst, G. A., & Tellier, N. M. (2012). One State or Two in Israel/Palestine: The Stress on Gender and Citizenship. Arab Studies Quarterly, 34(2), 70-91.
Bar-Tal, D., Raviv, A., Raviv, A., & Dgani-Hirsh, A. (2009). The Influence of the Ethos of Conflict on Israeli Jews’ Interpretation of Jewish–Palestinian Encounters. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53 (1), 94–118.
Beker, Avi. (2008). The Chosen: The History of an Idea and the Anatomy of Obsession. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bickerton, I. J., & Klausner, C. L. (2002). A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Booth, Ken. (1991). Security and emancipation. Review of International Studies, 17(4), 313-26.
-------- (2005). Critical Explorations. In Critical Security Studies and World Politics, ed. Ken Booth (1-20). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
-------- (2007). Theory of World Security. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brecher, Daniel Cil (2007) A Stranger in the Land: Jewish Identity Beyond Nationalism. New York: Other Press.
Brog, David (2006) Standing With Israel: Why Christians Support the Jewish State, Lake Mary, Florida: Charisma House.
Brownson, Elizabeth. (2014). Colonialism, Nationalism, and the Politics of Teaching History in Mandate Palestine.  Journal of Palestine Studies, 43(3), 9-25.
Calvocoressi, Peter. (2008). World Politics since 1945. New York: Routledge.
Chomsky, Noam. (2003). Middle East Illusions: Including Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and Nationhood. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Clifford, Clark. (1991). Counsel to the President: A Memoir. New York: Random House.
Clinton, Bill. (1998). Remarks by President Clinton to the People of Israel. The White House. December 13. https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/clintisr.htm
Devetak, Richard. (2005). Critical Theory. In Theories of International Relations, eds. Scott Burchill et al. (137-160). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Devetak, R., George, J., & Weber, M. (2012). Marxism and Critical Theory. In An Introduction to International Relations, eds. R. Devetak, A. Burke & J. George (62-75). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Elgindy, Khaled. (2011). Palestine Goes to the UN. Foreign Affairs, 90(5), 102-113.
Eran, Oded. (2002). Arab-Israel Peacemaking. In The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East, ed. Avraham Sela (121-147). New York: Continuum.
Federal Foreign Office. (2014). History of the Middle East peace process. Auswaertiges Amt.de. July 10. http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Aussenpolitik/ RegionaleSchwerpunkte/ NaherMittlererOsten/ IsraelPalaestinensischeGebiete/ geschichte-des-nofp_node.html
Feierstein, Gerald M. (2018) Trump's Middle East Policy at One Year. Middle East Institute Policy Focus, March. https://www.mei.edu/sites/default/files/ publications /PF2_Feierstein_US%20Foreign%20Policy_0.pdf
Fraser, T.G. (1980). The Middle East: 1914-1979. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Friedland, R., & Hecht, R. (1996). To Rule Jerusalem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Friedman, Uri. (2012). The Peace Process: A Short History. Foreign Policy. February 27.
Hagee, John (2007) In Defense of Israel. Lake Mary, Florida: FrontLine.
Hepworth, Richard. (1996). Jerusalem: Historical Perspective and Current Realities. JIME Review, 35(4), 57-74.
Heywood, Andrew (2002) Politics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Horkheimer, Max. (1972). Critical Theory. New York: Herder and Herder.
Ismael, T. Y., & Ismael, J. S. (2011). Government and politics of the Contemporary Middle East: Continuity and Change. New York: Routledge.
Jabareen, Hassan. (2013). 20 Years of Oslo: The Green Line’s Challenge to the Statehood Project.  Journal of Palestine Studies, 43(1), 41-50. 
Jackson, R., & Sorensen, G. (2013). Introduction to international Relations: Theories and Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jones, Deiniol Lloyd. (1999). Cosmopolitan Mediation? Conflict Resolution and the Oslo Accords. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Jones, Richard Wyn. (2005). On Emancipation: Necessity, Capacity, and Concrete Utopias.  In Critical Security Studies and World Politics, ed. Ken Booth (215-236). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Karsh, Efraim. (Ed.) (1996) Between War and Peace: Dilemmas of Israeli Security, London: Frank Cass.
-------- (2010). Palestine Betrayed. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Kaufman, David. (2010). Is President Obama Abandoning the Palestinian Cause? The Root. December 20. http://www.theroot.com/views/president-obama-abandoning-palestinian-cause
Kessler, Glenn. (2005). Talking Point Aside, Bush Stance on Palestinian State Is Not a First. The Washington Post. October 5.
Khalidi, Rashid. (2013). The United States and the Palestinians, 1977-2012 Three Key Moments. Journal of Palestine Studies, 42(4), 61-72.
Khan, Muhammad. (2014). Confidence Building Measures in South Asia: Lessons for Iran and the Middle East. PIR Center, February. http:// www. pircenter.org/ media/content/files/12/13932563810.pdf
Landau, Noa (2017) Netanyahu Welcomes Trump's Recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's Capital. Haaretz. December 06. https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/netanyahu-welcomes-trump-s-jerusalem-announcement-1.5627961
Landler, Mark & Halbfinger, David M. (2019) Trump, With Netanyahu, Formally Recognizes Israel’s Authority Over Golan Heights. The New York Times. March 25. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/25/us/politics/benjamin-netanyahu-donald-trump-meeting.html
Laub, Karin. (2010) Abbas seeks active US mediation in Mideast talks. The San Diego Union-Tribune, August 31.
Lavi, I., Canetti, D., Sharvit, K., Bar-Tal, D., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2014). Protected by Ethos in a Protracted Conflict? A Comparative Study among Israelis and Palestinians in the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58(1), 68-92.
Lerman, Eran. (2016). UNSCR 2334: A Sad Disservice to the Cause of Peace. BESA Center Perspectives. Paper No. 389. December 26.
Lesch, A. M., & Tschirgi, D. (1998). Origins and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York: Greenwood Press.
Lewis, Bernard. (1992). Rethinking the Middle East. Foreign Affairs, 71(4), 99-119.
-------- (1999). Semites and Anti-Semites; An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
-------- (2011). The End of Modern History in the Middle East. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press.
Linklater, Andrew. (1989). Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations. New York: St Martin's Press.
Maleki, Mohammad Reza. (1999). Jerusalem and Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process. Foreign Policy Quarterly (in Persian), 13(2), 397-420.
------- (2000). Palestinian Refugees and Middle East Peace Process. Foreign Policy Quarterly (in Persian), 13(4), 1243-51.
------- (2001). Analysis of the Recent Developments in Palestine. Foreign Policy Quarterly (in Persian), 14(4), 1173-84.
Mark, Clyde R. (2004). Israeli- United States Relations. Congressional Research Service. November 9. http://fas.org/man/crs/IB82008.pdf
Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Metz, Helen C. (Ed.). (1990). Israel: A Country Study. Washington, DC: GPO for the Library of Congress.
Milton-Edwards, Beverley. (2006). Contemporary Politics in the Middle East. Cambridge: Polity.
Morris, Benny. (2008). 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Obama, Barack (2009) Remarks by the President at Cairo University. The White House. June 04.
Parsi, Trita. (2007). Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Peres, Shimon. (1980). A Strategy for Peace in the Middle East. Foreign Affairs, 58 (4), 887-901.
Peretz, D., & Doron, G. (1997). The Government and Politics of Israel. Colorado: Westview Press.
Pipes, Daniel. (2015). Americans Battle the Arab-Israeli Conflict. The Middle East Quarterly, 22(2). http://www.meforum.org/meq/pdfs/5079.pdf  
Pollock, David (2016) The New Normal: Today's Arab Debate Over Ties with Israel, Fikra Forum, August 25.
Posen, Barry R. (1993). The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict. Survival, 35(1), 27-47.
Quandt, William. (2005). Peace process: American diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli conflict since 1967. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution and University of California Press.
Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., & Miall, H. (2011). Contemporary Conflict Resolution. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Reich, Bernard. (2001). Israeli Foreign Policy. In Diplomacy in the Middle East: The International Relations of Regional and Outside Powers, ed. L. Carl Brown (121-138). London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
Reuters. (2010). Hamas renews offer to end fight if Israel withdraws. May 30. http:// www. reuters. com/ article/ us- palestinians- israel- hamas- idUSTRE64T2AM20100530
Ross, Dennis. (2004). The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Ruane, J., & Todd, J. (1996). The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland: Power, Conflict and Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
------ (2001). The Politics of Transitions? Explaining Political Crisis in the Implementation of the Belfast Good Friday Agreement. Political Studies, 49(5), 923-40.
--------- (2005). Communal Conflict and Emancipation: The Case of Northern Ireland.  In Critical Security Studies and World Politics, ed. Ken Booth(237-255). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Rumley, G., & Tibon, A. (2015). The Death and Life of the Two-State Solution. Foreign Affairs, 94(4), 78-87.
Sachar, Howard M. (2007). A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2018) A New Foreign Policy: Beyond American Exceptionalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Segev, Tom. (2000). One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Shahidsaless, Shahir. (2015). The Obama-Netanyahu rift: Strategic changes in the making? Middle East Eye. March 18. http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/ us-israel-iran-606089089
Shlaim, Avi. (1996). The Middle East: The Origins of Arab-Israeli Wars. In Explaining International Relations Since 1945, ed. Ngaire Woods (219-240). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
--------- (2001). The iron wall: Israel and the Arab world. London: Penguin.
--------- (2007). Israel and the Arab coalition in 1948. In The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948, eds. Eugene L. Rogan & Avi Shlaim (pp. 79-103). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Slater, Jerome. (2001). What Went Wrong? The Collapse of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process. Political Science Quarterly, 116(2), 171-199.
Smith, Charles D. (2004). Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
Spetalnick, Matt & Holland, Steve (2019) Exclusive: White House's Kushner unveils economic portion of Middle East peace plan. Reuters. June 22. https:// www. reuters. com/ article/ us- israel- palestinians- plan- exclusive/ exclusive-trumps-economy- first- approach- to- mideast- peace- built- on- big- money- projects-idUSKCN1TN0ES
Tal, David. (2004). War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy. London and New York: Routledge.
The Times of Israel (2019) At UN, Abbas threatens to nix agreements with Israel if West Bank land annexed. September 26. https://www.timesofisrael.com/at-un-abbas-threatens-to-nix-agreements-with-israel-if-west-bank-land-annexed/
The Washington Post. (2010). Milestones in the history of the Middle East peace process. September 2. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/ 2010/09/01/GR2010090107141.html
The White House. (2019) Peace to Prosperity. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/MEP-narrative-document_FINAL.pdf
Walter, Barbara F. (1999). Designing Transitions from Civil War: Demobilization, Democratization, Commitments to Peace. International Security, 24(1), 127-155.
Whitbeck, John V. (2013). The ‘State of Palestine’ exists. Aljazeera, January 10.