ایرفا irfa rahbord journal راهبرد علمی پژوهشی پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی علوم سیاسی مقاله علمی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs

Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs

از نقض تا پاسخگویی: عملیات پیجر اسرائیل از منظر حقوق بین الملل و گزینه‌های دیپلماتیک ایران

نوع مقاله : Original Article

نویسنده
محمد صالح تسخیری
10.22034/irfa.2025.534029.1292
چکیده
عملیات نظامی اسرائیل در سالهای 2023 به بعد و با ادعاهای مختلف، فهرستی از مصادیق نقض قواعد و تعهدات بین‌المللی را به‌همراه داشته است؛ فهرستی که شامل قحطی‌سازی عمدی، کشتار جمعی، استفاده از تسلیحات ممنوعه و نظایر آنهاست. یکی از اقدامات نظامی رژیم صهیونیستی در این سالها، انجام عملیات انفجار پیجرها در لبنان و سوریه با قریب به 40 شهید و سه‌هزار مجروح و معلول می‌باشد. این مقاله به دنبال پاسخ به این سؤال است که این عملیات از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل، کدامین تعهدات حقوقی بین‌المللی را نقض کرده است؟ و باید با چه کنشگری حقوقی-بین‌المللی از سوی ایران روبرو شود؟ از این‌رو مقاله با روشی تحلیلی و توصیفی به بررسی حقوقی این عملیات می‌پردازد. براساس یافته‌های این نوشتار، انفجار پیجرها از چهار منظر حقوق بشر و حقوق بشردوستانه، معاهده مؤسس دیوان بین‌الملل کیفری و معاهدات خاص دیگر قابل‌ارزیابی می‌باشد. براین اساس، عملیات پیجرها در دسته‌های یادشده، منجر به نقض تعهدات بین‌المللی شده است به دلیل ارتکاب «نقض حق حیات و وقوع قتل فراقضایی»، «نقض حق سلامت و زیست توأم با کرامت»، نقض تعهدات مربوط به منع «ایراد آسیب غیرضرور» و «حمله کور»، نقض منع «حمله مستقیم به غیرنظامیان» و ایراد «آسیب تصادفی»، نقض منع استفاده از «تله‌انفجاری» و «اصل تفکیک». براساس یافته‌های این مقاله، با توجه به تکرار تهدیدات مشابه علیه ایران و متحدانش و آسیب‌زننده بودن این منافع، ایران می‌تواند با استفاده از سازوکارهای حقوقی، از تکرار اقدامات ناقض حقوق بین‌الملل جلوگیری کند و یا اینکه هزینه آن را برای مرتکبان افزایش دهد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
سیاست حقوقی بین‌المللی ایران
حمایت دیپلماتیک
قتل فراقضایی
اسرائیل
اساسنامه رم
موضوعات
Ak, G. (2024). “Crime of the Century”: Israel’s State Terrorism and International Law Violations in Gaza Strip. Journal of Humanity, Peace and Justice, 1(1), 65-95. https://doi.org/10.26650/ hupej.2024.10.1.1468793 
Almanar (2024), “Hezbollah: Pager devices belonging to a number of party employees exploded, and relevant authorities are investigating.‌”, 17 September 2024, https://almanar.com.lb/12481977
Amerasinghe, C. F. (2008), 'Diplomatic Protection in Context', Diplomatic Protection, Oxford Monographs in International Law (Oxford, 2008; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Jan. 2009), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212385. 003.0003
Arı, Y., & Turan, M. (2023). A Crime against Humanity and the Tragedy of Genocide: An Evaluation That Israel Should Be Sued for State Terrorism against Palestinians. Uluslararası Dorlion Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi (DASAD), 1(2), 445-465 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10429568
Back, T. B. (2025). Weaponising ‘apparently harmless portable objects’: emerging categorisations of trust and risk in post ‘pager attacks’ Lebanon. Small wars & insurgencies, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2025.2507223
Bensouda, Fatou (2021) Statement of Prosecutor ICC respecting on investigation of a situation in Palestine: https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-fatou-bensouda-respecting-investigation-situation-palestine
Biuck, M. mohsen (2020). Bahrain and Axis of Resistance: Geopolitical Implications for Iran. Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 11(31), 197-220. https://irfajournal.csr.ir/article_130801.html
Boughrara, Malika (2024). "What is the role of the international humanitarian law in fighting against terrorism? An analysis for the operational effectiveness of the role of the international humanitarian law in the fight against terrorism." Revue Algérienne des Sciences Juridiques et Politiques 61, (2), 249-270.  https://asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/248811
Breeze, E. J. (2024). Duty to act on knowledge: precautions, intelligence and the law of armed conflict. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 29(3), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krae015
Casey-Maslen, S., & Heyns, C. (2021). The Right to Life Under International Law: An Interpretative Manual. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108859868
CHoudhury, Jamal Uddin (2024). Strategic Patience or Strategic Shift? Analyzing Iran's Regional Diplomacy in the Post-Abraham Accords Era. Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 15(2), 351-368. https://doi: 10.22034/irfa.2025.525595.1289
Crawford, J. (2002). The International Law Commission's articles on state responsibility: introduction, text and commentaries. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.2277/0521013895
Crawford, J. (2013). State responsibility: the general part (No. 100). Cambridge University Press.‏ https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9781139033060
Freedman, R. (2013). The United Nations Human Rights Council: A Critique and Early Assessment. Routledge. https://doi.org/ 10.4324/9780203074732
Giacomo, Carol. "Israel's Use of Exploding Pagers May Violate International Law." Arms Control Today 54, no. 8 (2024): 30-30. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2024-10/news/israels-use-exploding-pagers-may-violate-international-law
Guterres, Antonio (2024), Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General - on Lebanon, 18 September 2024: https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/09/1154486
Helou M, Weinstein ES, Kalaji J, Chaaban T and Yammine K (2024). Pager Explosion in Beirut: An Unprecedented Event. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, (18), e215, 1–2 https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2024.281
Henckaerts, J. & Doswald-Beck, l. (2005), Customary International Humanitarian Law, Geneva and Cambridge, International Committee of the Red Cross and Cambridge University Press (2005), 2 volumes https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804700
Hnitidou, K. (2016). Beyond the right to life: the right to live in dignity in the European Convention on Human Rights. https://pdfroom.com/books/the-right-to-live-in-dignity-in-the-european-convention-on-human-rights/0q2JQoVogxE
Hossain, M. S. (2017). Extra-judicial killings and human rights law: Bangladesh perspective. International Journal of Law and Management, 59(6), 1116-1125. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-11-2016-0140
Human Right Council (2024), “Exploding pagers and radios: A terrifying violation of international law”, Joint Statement of Experts and Rapporteurs, Geneva, 19 September 2024. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/09/exploding-pagers-and-radios-terrifying-violation-international-law-say-un
ILC (2001), “Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts”, 56/83 of 12 December 2001, and corrected by document A/56/49(Vol. I)/Corr.4. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/ english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf
Jannah, D. R., & Mahfud, M. (2023). The International Criminal Court's (ICC) Jurisdiction Over Israel's Blockade on The Gaza Strip: Examining The Crime of Aggression. Student Journal of International Law, 3(2), 194-209 https://doi.org/10.24815/ sjil.v3i2.29557
Jayaprakash, N. (2024). Booby-trap Attacks on Lebanon: Indian Army Chief's Shocking Views. CounterPunch https://www.counterpunch.org/2024/10/11/booby-trap-attacks-on-lebanon-indian-army-chiefs-shocking-views/
Kalaji J, Nakhle R, Weinstein ES, Helou MC and Jabbour E (2024). Pagers Explosion: Challenges of the Emergency Preparedness Plan. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, (18), e263, 1–4 https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2024.283
Kampmark, B. (2024). Failed Machismo: Israel's Pager Killings. International Policy Digest.. https://intpolicydigest.org/failed-machismo-israel-s-pager-killings/
Kanaani (2024), “The position of the Foreign Ministry Spokesperson regarding the Zionist regime's terrorist act in Lebanon”, September 17: https://mfa.gov.ir/portal/NewsView/753376
Krever, Mick (2025), “Netanyahu gifted Trump a golden pager during their meeting in Washington”, CNN News Agency, Thu February 6, 2025
Lavazza, A., & Farina, M. (2024). The Costs and Perils of Weaponizing Consumer Technologies (the 2024 Pager and Walkie-Talkie Explosions in Lebanon and Syria). IEEE Technology and Society Magazine.  http://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3489656
Li, Qi. "Research on the Advisory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice." Studies in Law and Justice 2, no. 1 (2023): 46-53. http://doi.org/10.56397/SLJ.2023.03.06
L'Orient Today (2024), “AUB denies rumors about its pager system”, L'Orient Today / 17 September 2024 22:33 https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/06/middleeast/netanyahu-trump-golden-pager-intl
Marks, S.P. (2016). “The United Nations and Human Rights”. In Human Rights in the World Community: Issues and Action, 4th ed, edited by Richard Pierre Claude, Burns H. Weston and Anna Grear. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:32310737
Miller, A. C. (2023). Without an army: How ICC indictments reduce atrocities. Journal of Peace Research, 60(4), 573-587. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433221088692
Mohammadi, M. R. and BadrGharmi, M. (2024). Analysis of the consequences of the agreement between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the framework of defensive realism. Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 13(36), 311-330. http://doi.org/10.22034/ irfa.2024.430813.1229
Mohammed Alashqar, M., Abdul Rahim, A., & Abd Aziz, A. S. (2023). War Crimes in Gaza Strip from Year 2008 2021: Individual Criminal Responsibility Under the Legal Framework of Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Journal of International Studies (JIS), 19(1), 61-93 https://doi.org/ 10.32890/jis2023.19.1.3
Monaghan, C. (2023). The fight to achieve full decolonisation: Mauritius versus the United Kingdom. The Success of Small States in International Relations, 148-169. http://doi.org/ 10.4324/9781003314745
Moon, M. N. (2022). Laser and Directed Energy Weapons within International Humanitarian Law: The History of the Utilisation of Light and Direct Energy Weapons as a Military Weapon (Master's thesis). https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/95916?show=full
Netanyahu, B. (2025), “Netanyahu: Mossad’s pager op set stage for victory over Iran”, July 3, 2025: https://www.jns.org/netanyahu-mossads-pager-op-set-stage-for-victory-over-iran/
Paternoster, Tamsin (2024), “Netanyahu admits Israel behind pager attack in Lebanon”, Euronews, Published on 11/11/2024 https://www.euronews.com/2024/11/11/netanyahu-admits-israel-behind-pager-attack-in-lebanon
Quéguiner, J. F. (2016). The Principle of distinction: beyond an obligation of customary international humanitarian law. In The Legitimate Use of Military Force (pp. 161-187). Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/The-Legitimate-Use-of-Military-Force-The-Just-War-Tradition-and-the-Customary-Law-of-Armed-Conflict/Hensel/p/book/9781472471598
Rajabi, M. (2021). Iraqi Kurdistan and the War Between Iran and the Zionist Regime: An Analytical Review. Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 12(34), 556-584. http://doi.org/10.22034/irfa.2021.162044
Sari, A. (2025). Indiscriminate attacks and the proportionality rule: what is incidental civilian harm?. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, kraf010 https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/kraf010
Sassòli, M. (2024). International humanitarian law: Rules, controversies, and solutions to problems arising in warfare. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800886919
Sheng, C., Ma, W., Han, Q. L., Zhou, W., Zhu, X., Wen, S., ... & Wang, F. Y. (2024). Pager Explosion: Cybersecurity Insights and Afterthoughts. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 11(12), 2359-2362.  https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2024.125034.
Susila, J. (2021). Globalization of Terrorism and Extra-Judicial Killings: The Paradox of Human Rights in Indonesia. The Indonesian Journal of Legal Thought (IJLETH), 1(1), 43-55. https://journals.ums.ac.id/ijleth/article/view/12784
Talmon, S. (2006). The duty not to ‘recognize as lawful’ a situation created by the illegal use of force or other serious breaches of a jus cogens obligation: an obligation without real substance. The fundamental rules of the International Legal Order: jus cogens and obligations erga omnes, 99-125 https://doi.org/10.1163/ ej.9789004149816.i-472.33
Taskhiri, M. S. (2025). Palestine Referendum Proposal from the Perspective of International Law; Essentials, Weaknesses and Strengths. Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies, 9(2), 293-328. http://doi.org/10.22059/wsps.2025.381791.1460
Tsagourias, N., & Morrison, A. (2023). International humanitarian law: cases, materials and commentary. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108989657
Tsybulenko, Evhen. "Blinding laser weapons." In International Conflict and Security Law: A Research Handbook, pp. 367-378. The Hague: TMC Asser Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 978-94-6265-515-7_16
VanderWilt, H. (2021). Towards a Better Understanding of the Concept of ‘Indiscriminate Attack’—How International Criminal Law Can Be of Assistance. Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Volume 22 (2019), 29-42. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-94-6265-399-3_2
Williams, C., & Chapman, A. R. (2022). Impact of Human Rights Council Reports on Mental Health. Health and Human Rights, 24(2), 85.‏ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/ PMC9790957/pdf/hhr-24-02-085.pdf
Zaman, H. (2024). Prosecuting Israeli War Crimes: International Criminal Court's Jurisdiction and Palestine's Quest for Justice. Journal of Law, Society and Policy Review, 1(02), 45-60.: https://jlspr.uskt.edu.pk/index.php/Journal/article/view/22
 

  • تاریخ دریافت 22 تیر 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 18 آبان 1404