ایرفا irfa rahbord journal راهبرد علمی پژوهشی پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی علوم سیاسی مقاله علمی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs

Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs

تبیین رویکرد هنجاری اتحادیه اروپا در قبال ایران از سال 1993 تا 2024

نوع مقاله : Original Article

نویسندگان
1 دکترای مطالعات اروپایی، عضو هیئت علمی موسسه مطالعات امنیت و پیشرفت، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری علوم سیاسی ، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
10.22034/irfa.2025.495691.1269
چکیده
روابط ایران و کشورهای اروپایی به سده‌ها پیش بازمی‌گردد و بر پایه تاریخ طولانی تعاملات، منافع متقابل و تغییرات در بافت ژئوپلیتیکی شکل گرفته است. با توجه به این پیشینه عمیق تاریخی و شرایط راهبردی خاص، هر دو طرف همچنان برای یکدیگر اهمیت حیاتی دارند. چشم‌انداز در حال تحول فرصت‌ها و تهدیدها در روابط تهران و بروکسل باعث شده ایران و اتحادیه اروپا پیوسته روابط دوجانبه خود را بازنگری کنند.
در این چارچوب، ایران و اتحادیه اروپا ظرفیت‌های اقتصادی، سیاسی و امنیتی اروپا را در کنار مسیر کلی روابط دیرینه‌شان در نظر می‌گیرند. یکی از نقاط عطف مهم در این روابط، تغییر راهبردی اتحادیه اروپا از رویکرد هنجاری ــ مبتنی بر ترویج ارزش‌هایی همچون حقوق بشر و دموکراسی ــ به سوی موضعی امنیت‌محور بوده است؛ تغییری که تأثیر چشمگیری بر ماهیت تعاملات ایران و اتحادیه اروپا گذاشته است.
این مقاله به پرسش اصلی می‌پردازد: چرا راهبرد اتحادیه اروپا نسبت به ایران بین سال‌های ۱۹۹۳ تا ۲۰۲۴ تغییر کرده است؟ برای پاسخ، پژوهش از رویکردی جامع بهره می‌گیرد و چارچوب‌های نظری نئورئالیسم و سازه‌انگاری را به‌کار می‌برد. استدلال مقاله این است که اگرچه اتحادیه اروپا تاریخی طولانی در جایگاه یک قدرت هنجاری داشته و اقدامات خارجی خود را بر ارزش‌های مشترک اروپایی بنا کرده است، فشارهای بیرونی ــ از جمله بحران مالی ۲۰۰۸، جریان‌های مهاجرتی و رشد پوپولیسم راست‌گرا ــ به‌تدریج این اتحادیه را به سوی اولویت‌دادن به ملاحظات امنیتی سوق داده است.
این پژوهش با رویکردی کیفی به تحلیل این تغییر پرداخته و نشان می‌دهد چگونه عوامل ساختاری و هویتی در شکل‌گیری رویکرد در حال تحول اتحادیه اروپا نسبت به ایران نقش داشته‌اند.

تازه های تحقیق

Adebahr, C. & Alcaro, R. (2021). The EU and Iran: How a critical relationship became a troubled one. In Routledge Handbook of EU–Middle East Relations (pp. 377-387). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429317873

Afshari, R. (2011). Human Rights in Iran: The Abuse of Cultural Relativism. In Human Rights in Iran. Pennsylvania. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Ahadi, P. (2022). The Effect of Normative and Cognitive Ideas on the Foreign Policy (Case study: European Union and the Iran's Nuclear Program). Islamic Political Thought, 9(1), 21-38.

Alcaro, R. (2023). Weathering the Geopolitical Storms: The Ever-elusive Success of EU Policy towards Iran. The International Spectator, 59(1), 98–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03932729.2023.2273852

Ali, O. O. (2019). From critical to comprehensive dialogue: the effectiveness of the EU's policy towards Iran (1992-1998). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 48(4), 706–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2019.1701408

Blockmans, S.; Ehteshami, A.; Bahgat, G.; Arnaldo Abruzzini, A. A.; Florensa, S.; de los Fayos, F. G. ... & Rashedan, N. (2016). EU-Iran Relations after the Nuclear Deal. Brussels. CEPS.Official URL: https://www.ceps.eu/publications/eu-iran-relations.

Bostani, M. (2021). The EU Normative Foreign Policy and Iran’s Nuclear Program. Young Journal of European Affairs, (1), 12-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5282/yjea/14

Chalmers, D.; Davies, G.; Monti, G. & Heyvaert, V. (2024). European Union Law: Text and Materials. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Costa, O. (2018). The politicization of EU external relations. Journal of European Public Policy, 26(5), 790–802. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1478878

Diez, T. (2013). Normative power as hegemony. Cooperation and conflict, 48(2), 194-210. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0010836713485387

Direkli, M. & Ashiekh, H. A. (2022). The European Union and Democracy Promotion in the Middle East and North Africa Countries: Bridging the Gap Between Constructivism and Realism. https://doi.org/10.15405/BI.20221101.7

Dunne, T. (2024). International relations theories: Discipline and diversity. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordpoliticstrove.com/view/10.1093/hepl/9780198814443.001.0001/hepl-9780198814443.

Edinger, H. (2022). Offensive ideas: structural realism, classical realism and Putin's war on Ukraine. International Affairs, 98(6), 1873-1893. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac217

European Parliament resolution. (2018)

Framework, E. S. (2012). Action Plan on Human Rights and Democracy. Council of the European Union, 11855, 12.

Greene, T. & Rynhold, J. (2023). Europe and Israel: Between conflict and cooperation. In Survival 60.4 (pp. 91-112). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003422327

Gunawan, Y.; Riyanto, A. A. P.; Putri, W. S., Asela, C. & Irrynta, D. (2022). Should the JCPOA be Revived? An Analysis of the Iran Nuclear Deal. Nurani Hukum, (5), 93.

Hashemi, S. A. & Navazeni, A. (2022). The position of human rights in the functioning of the European Union's foreign policy (in relation with Iran and Israel). Political studies of Islamic world, 11(2), 25-54. https://doi:10.30479/psiw.2022.16929.3088

JCPOA (2015).

Jenichen, A. (2022). The politics of normative power Europe: norm entrepreneurs and contestation in the making of EU external human rights policy. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 60(5), 1299-1315. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13157

Juncos, A. E. & Joseph, J. (2020). Resilient Peace: Exploring the Theory and Practice of Resilience in Peacebuilding Interventions. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 14(3), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2020.1745445

Kauppi, M. V. & Viotti, P. R. (2023). International relations theory. Rowman & Littlefield.

Kaye, D. D. & Wehrey, F. M. (2023). A nuclear Iran: The reactions of neighbours. In Survival 49.2 (pp. 111-128). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003420224

Kienzle, B. (2012). Between human rights and non-proliferation: norm competition in the EU's Iran policy. Revista UNISCI, (30), 77-91.

Kuhn, T. S. (1986). The Structure of Scienticc Revolutions.

Lawson, S. (2023). International relations. John Wiley & Sons.

Lechner, Z. (2024). Turkey’s response to the war in Ukraine in the context of systemic changes and regional dynamics. PÓLUSOK= POLARITIES: JOURNAL OF POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, 5(1), 72-94. https://doi.org/10.15170/PSK.2024.05.01.06

Lelieveldt, H. & Princen, S. (2023). The politics of the European Union. Cambridge University Press.

Mahmoudi, M. S. (2023). The pathology of the reasons for non-convergence in West Asia. Applied Politics, 4(2).

Malakoutikhah, Z. (2018). Iran: Sponsoring or Combating Terrorism?. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1506560

Manners, I. (2001). Normative Power Europe: The international role of the EU. http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/7263

Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms?. JCMS: Journal of common market studies, 40(2), 235-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353

Manners, I. (2008). The normative ethics of the European Union. International affairs, 45-60. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 25144714.

Masoudi, H. & Hamiani, M. (2024). Success and Failure in Foreign Policy: Narrative Analysis of JCPOA. Political and International Approaches, 16(2), 57-84. doi: 10.48308/piaj.2024.235712.1538

McCourt, D. M. (2022). The New Constructivism in International Relations Theory. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press. Retrieved Dec 3, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.51952/ 9781529217858

McDonald, M. (2023). Constructivisms. In Security Studies (pp. 52-66). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003247821

Meibauer, G. (2023). Neorealism, neoclassical realism and the problem (s) of history. International Relations, 37(2), 348-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117821103394

NYE JR, J. S. & Rosecrance, R. (1988). NEOREALISM AND NEOLIBERALISM. World Politics, 40(2), 235-251.

Onuf, N. & Klink, F. F. (1989). Anarchy, authority, rule. International Studies Quarterly, 33(2), 149-173.

Peshkopia, R. & Trahan, A. (2022). Does the EU message impact public attitudes toward the death penalty in EU membership-aspiring countries? Lessons from Albania. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 31(3), 754–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2022.2031136

Petito F. Khatami’ Dialogue among Civilizations as International Political Theory. EIJH 2004; 11(3), 11-30 URL: http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-9945-en.html

Reus-Smit, C. (1999). The moral purpose of the state: Culture, social identity, and institutional rationality in international relations (Vol. 83). Princeton University Press. http://digital.casalini.it/9781400823253

Samoudi Pilehroud, A. (2019). The Position of Human Rights Issue in the EU's Foreign Policy towards I. R. of Iran. The Journal of Human Rights, 14(1), 73-99. http://doi:10.22096/ hr.2019.102929.1091

Vague, P. M. (2024). The EU in the Iranian Nuclear Case: Its Role in the Negotiations and Its Significance within International Relations Theories. In The EU in a Globalized World (pp. 57-78). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003326083

Valentino, B. A. (2005). Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century. United Kingdom: Cornell University Press.

van Dijk, P. & van Hoof, G. (2023). Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights: Third Edition. Germany: Brill.

Velluti, S. (2016). The Promotion and Integration of Human Rights in EU External Trade Relations. Utrecht Journal of International and European Law, 32(82), 41-68.

Wagner, W. (2017). Liberal Power Europe. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 55(6), 1398-1414. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12572

Waltz, K. N. (1990). Realist thought and neorealist theory. Journal of International Affairs, 21-37. https://doi.org/10.4324/ 9781315858579

Waltz, K. N. (2015). The origins of war in neorealist theory. In Conflict After the Cold War (pp. 110-116). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315664484

Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill.

Warnaar, M. (2013). Iranian foreign policy during Ahmadinejad: Ideology.

Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics (Vol. 67). Cambridge University Press.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Adebahr, C. & Alcaro, R. (2021). The EU and Iran: How a critical relationship became a troubled one. In Routledge Handbook of EU–Middle East Relations (pp. 377-387). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429317873
Afshari, R. (2011). Human Rights in Iran: The Abuse of Cultural Relativism. In Human Rights in Iran. Pennsylvania. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Ahadi, P. (2022). The Effect of Normative and Cognitive Ideas on the Foreign Policy (Case study: European Union and the Iran's Nuclear Program). Islamic Political Thought, 9(1), 21-38.
Alcaro, R. (2023). Weathering the Geopolitical Storms: The Ever-elusive Success of EU Policy towards Iran. The International Spectator, 59(1), 98–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03932729.2023.2273852
Ali, O. O. (2019). From critical to comprehensive dialogue: the effectiveness of the EU's policy towards Iran (1992-1998). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 48(4), 706–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2019.1701408
Blockmans, S.; Ehteshami, A.; Bahgat, G.; Arnaldo Abruzzini, A. A.; Florensa, S.; de los Fayos, F. G. ... & Rashedan, N. (2016). EU-Iran Relations after the Nuclear Deal. Brussels. CEPS.Official URL: https://www.ceps.eu/publications/eu-iran-relations.
Bostani, M. (2021). The EU Normative Foreign Policy and Iran’s Nuclear Program. Young Journal of European Affairs, (1), 12-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5282/yjea/14
Chalmers, D.; Davies, G.; Monti, G. & Heyvaert, V. (2024). European Union Law: Text and Materials. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Costa, O. (2018). The politicization of EU external relations. Journal of European Public Policy, 26(5), 790–802. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1478878
Diez, T. (2013). Normative power as hegemony. Cooperation and conflict, 48(2), 194-210. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0010836713485387
Direkli, M. & Ashiekh, H. A. (2022). The European Union and Democracy Promotion in the Middle East and North Africa Countries: Bridging the Gap Between Constructivism and Realism. https://doi.org/10.15405/BI.20221101.7
Dunne, T. (2024). International relations theories: Discipline and diversity. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordpoliticstrove.com/view/10.1093/hepl/9780198814443.001.0001/hepl-9780198814443.
Edinger, H. (2022). Offensive ideas: structural realism, classical realism and Putin's war on Ukraine. International Affairs, 98(6), 1873-1893. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac217
European Parliament resolution. (2018)
Framework, E. S. (2012). Action Plan on Human Rights and Democracy. Council of the European Union, 11855, 12.
Greene, T. & Rynhold, J. (2023). Europe and Israel: Between conflict and cooperation. In Survival 60.4 (pp. 91-112). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003422327
Gunawan, Y.; Riyanto, A. A. P.; Putri, W. S., Asela, C. & Irrynta, D. (2022). Should the JCPOA be Revived? An Analysis of the Iran Nuclear Deal. Nurani Hukum, (5), 93.
Hashemi, S. A. & Navazeni, A. (2022). The position of human rights in the functioning of the European Union's foreign policy (in relation with Iran and Israel). Political studies of Islamic world, 11(2), 25-54. https://doi:10.30479/psiw.2022.16929.3088
JCPOA (2015).
Jenichen, A. (2022). The politics of normative power Europe: norm entrepreneurs and contestation in the making of EU external human rights policy. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 60(5), 1299-1315. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13157
Juncos, A. E. & Joseph, J. (2020). Resilient Peace: Exploring the Theory and Practice of Resilience in Peacebuilding Interventions. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 14(3), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2020.1745445
Kauppi, M. V. & Viotti, P. R. (2023). International relations theory. Rowman & Littlefield.
Kaye, D. D. & Wehrey, F. M. (2023). A nuclear Iran: The reactions of neighbours. In Survival 49.2 (pp. 111-128). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003420224
Kienzle, B. (2012). Between human rights and non-proliferation: norm competition in the EU's Iran policy. Revista UNISCI, (30), 77-91.
Kuhn, T. S. (1986). The Structure of Scienticc Revolutions.
Lawson, S. (2023). International relations. John Wiley & Sons.
Lechner, Z. (2024). Turkey’s response to the war in Ukraine in the context of systemic changes and regional dynamics. PÓLUSOK= POLARITIES: JOURNAL OF POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, 5(1), 72-94. https://doi.org/10.15170/PSK.2024.05.01.06
Lelieveldt, H. & Princen, S. (2023). The politics of the European Union. Cambridge University Press.
Mahmoudi, M. S. (2023). The pathology of the reasons for non-convergence in West Asia. Applied Politics, 4(2).
Malakoutikhah, Z. (2018). Iran: Sponsoring or Combating Terrorism?. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1506560
Manners, I. (2001). Normative Power Europe: The international role of the EU. http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/7263
Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms?. JCMS: Journal of common market studies, 40(2), 235-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353
Manners, I. (2008). The normative ethics of the European Union. International affairs, 45-60. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 25144714.
Masoudi, H. & Hamiani, M. (2024). Success and Failure in Foreign Policy: Narrative Analysis of JCPOA. Political and International Approaches, 16(2), 57-84. doi: 10.48308/piaj.2024.235712.1538
McCourt, D. M. (2022). The New Constructivism in International Relations Theory. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press. Retrieved Dec 3, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.51952/ 9781529217858
McDonald, M. (2023). Constructivisms. In Security Studies (pp. 52-66). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003247821
Meibauer, G. (2023). Neorealism, neoclassical realism and the problem (s) of history. International Relations, 37(2), 348-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117821103394
NYE JR, J. S. & Rosecrance, R. (1988). NEOREALISM AND NEOLIBERALISM. World Politics, 40(2), 235-251.
Onuf, N. & Klink, F. F. (1989). Anarchy, authority, rule. International Studies Quarterly, 33(2), 149-173.
Peshkopia, R. & Trahan, A. (2022). Does the EU message impact public attitudes toward the death penalty in EU membership-aspiring countries? Lessons from Albania. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 31(3), 754–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2022.2031136
Petito F. Khatami’ Dialogue among Civilizations as International Political Theory. EIJH 2004; 11(3), 11-30 URL: http://eijh.modares.ac.ir/article-27-9945-en.html
Reus-Smit, C. (1999). The moral purpose of the state: Culture, social identity, and institutional rationality in international relations (Vol. 83). Princeton University Press. http://digital.casalini.it/9781400823253
Samoudi Pilehroud, A. (2019). The Position of Human Rights Issue in the EU's Foreign Policy towards I. R. of Iran. The Journal of Human Rights, 14(1), 73-99. http://doi:10.22096/ hr.2019.102929.1091
Vague, P. M. (2024). The EU in the Iranian Nuclear Case: Its Role in the Negotiations and Its Significance within International Relations Theories. In The EU in a Globalized World (pp. 57-78). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003326083
Valentino, B. A. (2005). Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century. United Kingdom: Cornell University Press.
van Dijk, P. & van Hoof, G. (2023). Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights: Third Edition. Germany: Brill.
Velluti, S. (2016). The Promotion and Integration of Human Rights in EU External Trade Relations. Utrecht Journal of International and European Law, 32(82), 41-68.
Wagner, W. (2017). Liberal Power Europe. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 55(6), 1398-1414. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12572
Waltz, K. N. (1990). Realist thought and neorealist theory. Journal of International Affairs, 21-37. https://doi.org/10.4324/ 9781315858579
Waltz, K. N. (2015). The origins of war in neorealist theory. In Conflict After the Cold War (pp. 110-116). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315664484
Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill.
Warnaar, M. (2013). Iranian foreign policy during Ahmadinejad: Ideology.
Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics (Vol. 67). Cambridge University Press.
دوره 15، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 39
اردیبهشت 1403
صفحه 27-54

  • تاریخ دریافت 04 اردیبهشت 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری 04 شهریور 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش 25 شهریور 1404