ایرفا irfa rahbord journal راهبرد علمی پژوهشی پژوهشکده تحقیقات راهبردی علوم سیاسی مقاله علمی مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام
Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs

Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs

قدرت اقتصادی چین: جایگاه آن در سازمان های بین المللی و پیامدهای آن برای ایران

نوع مقاله : Original Article

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین الملل، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
2 دکتری علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
عنصر قدرت همواره مرکز اصلی مباحث در نظریه ‌های روابط و سیاست بین الملل بوده است. قدرت را باید مؤلفه اصلی در مباحث مکتب رئالیسم دانست. ابعاد قدرت از ابتدای مباحث نظری تا کنون گسترده ‌تر شده اند و مانند گذشته تنها بعد نظامی مطرح نیست. بعد مهم دیگر قدرت که نقش تعیین ‌کننده‌ای در سیاست بین‌الملل دارد، بعد اقتصادی آن است. در سال‌های اخیر هم‌ زمان با رشد بی‌سابقه قدرت اقتصادی چین علی‌رغم سپری کردن بحران اخیر مالی جهانی و حتی پس از بحران کووید ۱۹، شاهد افزایش نفوذ چینی ‌ها در سازمان ‌ها و نهاد های بین ‌المللی هستیم. سؤال پژوهش حاضر این است که قدرت اقتصادی چین چه تأثیری بر ارتقاء جایگاه چین در سازمان‌ های بین المللی داشته است؟ برای پاسخ به این پرسش ابتدا به شاخص ‌های قدرت اقتصادی (از جمله:‌ تولید ناخالص داخلی بر اساس برابری قدرت خرید، موازنه حساب جاری، ذخیره ارز خارجی، ثبت اختراعات، موازنه تجاری نفت و ...) و تأثیر آن بر سیاست بین ‌الملل پرداخته شد و در ادامه این شاخص ‌ها در مورد چین بررسی‌شد و به دنبال آن نیز بررسی نقش چینی‌ها و افزایش نفوذ آن‌ها در سازمان‌ ملل و سازمان های تخصصی وابسته (از جمله: صندوق بین المللی پول، بانک جهانی، سازمان تجارت جهانی و ...) به آن انجام شد که درنهایت این نتیجه حاصل شد که قدرت اقتصادی چین نقش بسیار مهمی در ارتقاء جایگاه چین در این نهادهای بین‌المللی داشته و در نهایت منجر به ارتقاء جایگاه این کشور در ساختار نظام بین الملل شده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


  1. A) Books and journal articles

Browne, M. A., & Blanchfield, L. (2013). United Nations Regular Budget Contributions: Members Compared, 1990-2010. Congressional Research Service.

Courtney J. Fung and Shing-hon Lam, “Staffing the United Nations: China’s Motivations and Prospects”, International Affairs 97: 4, 2021, 1143–1163

Feltman, J. (2020). China’s expanding influence at the United Nations-and how the United States should react. Brookings Institution, September.

Ikenberry, G. J., & Lim, D. J. (2017). China’s emerging institutional statecraft.at BROOKINGS, available in: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/chinas-emerging-institutional-statecraft.pdf

Kent, A. E. (2001). China's participation in international organizations. In Power and responsibility in Chinese foreign policy. ANU Press.

Laffaye, S and others (2013). Changes in the global economic power structure: towards a multipolar world? Argentine Journal of Inter 2 national Economics | Number 1 | February

Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. WW Norton & Company.

Momani, Bessma (2016). Enter the Dragon: China in the International Financial System. McGill-Queen's Press. 267–288.

Morgenthau, H. (1948). The struggle for power and peace. Nova York, Alfred Kopf.

Olson, S., & Prestowitz, C. V. (2011). The evolving role of China in international institutions (p. 14). US-China Economic and Security Review Commission.

Rodrik, Dani. (2006) "The social cost of foreign exchange reserves." International Economic Journal 20.3: 253-266.

Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of international politics: reading.

World Trade Organization. Annual Report 2017. Printed by the WTO Secretariat, 177-178.

Zhihai, X. I. E. (2011). The rise of China and its growing role in international organizations. Journal of Modern Chinese Studies, 4(1), 85-96.

 

  1. B) Internet articles

At a Glance - China and the IMF". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2021-06-06. https://www.imf.org/external/country/chn/rr/glance.htm

Bretton Woods Project. China and the World Bank. Bretton Woods Project. 2011-09-14. Retrieved 2021-06-06. Available in: http://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/2011/09/art-568894/

China Power Team. "Is China contributing to the United Nations’ mission?" China Power. March 7, 2016. Updated April 18, 2018. Accessed July 14, 2018. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-un-mission

Courtney J. Fung and Shing-hon Lam. China’s influence at the United Nations. Mixed report card: 18 December 2022. available in: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/mixed-report-card-china-s-influence-united-nations

foreign policy blogs.China’s Growing Influence in International Organizations.April 12th, 2011 https://foreignpolicyblogs.com/ 2011/04/12/review-of-study-china%E2%80%99s-growing-influence-in-international-organizations/

Ghosh, Atish; Ramakrishnan, Uma (28 March 2012). "Current Account Deficits: Is There a Problem?".International Monetary Fund. Available in: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/ basics/current.htm. Retrieved 04 December 2021.

Gnana, Jennifer. China opens door to trade crude oil and natural gas in yuan, S&P Global Commodity Insights, 11 Dec 2022, available in: https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/121122-china-opens-door-to-trade-crude-oil-and-natural-gas-in-yuan

Moonakal, Nadeem Ahmed (2022) The Impact and Implications of China’s Growing Influence in the Middle East. July 09, 2022, The Diplomat, available in: https://thediplomat.com/2022/07/the-impact-and-implications-of-chinas-growing-influence-in-the-middle-east/

OECD. "Purchasing Power Parities - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)". Available in: https://www.oecd.org/sdd/prices-ppp/purchasingpowerparities-frequentlyaskedquestionsfaqs.htm

Praveen Jha, Two multilateral banks based in China,development and cooperation, 29/07/2022, available in: https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/what-ndb-and-aiib-have-common-and-how-they-differ

Review of SDR Valuation, December 2016, available in: https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/data/rms_sdrv.aspx

South China Morning Post.PLA troops undergo training for u.n. peacekeeping missions. Jul 2018 https://www.scmp.com/news/ china/diplomacy-defence/article/2120754/chinese-troops-two-day-drill-prepare-peacekeeping

 

  1. C) Charts

Chart 1: Top ten economies in the world based on GDP by PPP in 2022: gdp by ppp 2022: World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022 Edition". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 12 October 2022.

Chart 2: The main players of international trade in 2021: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Main_players_for_international_trade_in_goods,_2021.png

Chart 3: Top ten countries in terms of patents in 2021: Statista Research Department, Dec 13, 2022, available in: https://www.statista.com/statistics/257152/ranking-of-the-20-countries-with-the-most-patent-grants/

Chart 4: The main countries supplying the United Nations budget 2019-2021: General Assembly of the United Nations, Committee on Contributions, 11 February 2021, available in: https://www.un.org/en/ga/contributions/honourroll_2021.shtml

Chart 5: US trade with China 1985-2017: United States Census Bureau, Oct 2017, available in: https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html

Chart 6: IBRD projects in China 1981-2018: http://projects.worldbank.org/search?lang=en&searchTerm=&countrycode_exact=CN

Chart 7: Top six powers in World Bank voting rights in 2019: Scott Morris, Erin Collinson and Alysha Gardner, ABCs of the IFIs: The World Bank, Center for Global Development, OCTOBER 11, 2019, available in: https://www.cgdev.org/publication/abcs-ifis-the-world -bank

Chart 8: The presence of military forces of the top 5 countries in peacekeeping operations 2000-2018: China Power Team. "Is China contributing to the United Nations' mission?" China Power. March 7, 2016. Updated April 18, 2018. Accessed July 14, 2018. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-un-mission/

Chart 9: The share of financing countries in UN peacekeeping operations between 1994 and 2016: UN Peacekeeping Financial Contributions, International Peace Institute, December 2016, available in: https://www.ipinst.org/providing-for-peacekeeping-database/ppp-graphs

 

  1. D) Tables

Table 1: Top 10 countries in 2021 current account balance: Current account balance by country: https://public.knoema.com/ rwidmdc/imf-world-economic-outlook-weo-database-october-2022

Table 2: Top 10 countries in foreign currency reserves in 2022: Elvis picardo, investopedia: available in: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/033115/10-countries-biggest-forex-reserves.asp, retrieved on: august 11, 2022

Table 3: Top 10 countries in crude oil import in 2021: Daniel Workman. Crude Oil Imports by Country. worldstopexports. MAY 15, 2022, available in: https://www.worldstopexports. com/crude-oil-imports-by-country/

Table 4: Chinese positions in the United Nations between 2007 and 2010: Zhihai, X. I. E. (2011). The rise of China and its growing role in international organizations. Journal of Modern Chinese Studies, 4(1), 85-96.

Table 5: The share of three countries, the United States, China and Japan, in providing the UN budget 2001-2018: Browne, M. A., & Blanchfield, L. (2013). United Nations Regular Budget Contributions: Members Compared, 1990-2010. Congressional Research Service.

Table 6: The share of the top 10 countries in providing the WTO budget in 2017: World Trade Organization. Annual Report 2017. Printed by the WTO Secretariat, pp 177-178

Table 7: Comparison of the SDR portfolio in 2016 and 2022: Special Drawing Right, International Monetary Fund, July 29, 2022, available in: https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/ Sheets/2016/08/01/14/51/Special-Drawing-Right- SDR

Table 8: The main suppliers of financial resources for peacekeeping operations in 2019 to 2021: United Nations Peacekeeping, how we are funded, December 2022, available in: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/how-we-are-funded

دوره 14، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 37
اردیبهشت 1402
صفحه 125-152

  • تاریخ دریافت 25 بهمن 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری 10 اردیبهشت 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش 04 اردیبهشت 1402