Barcelona Supercomputing Center–Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS). (2025). ALIA: The public AI infrastructure in Spanish and co-official languages. Secretary of State for Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence. https://alia.gob.es/eng/
European Commission. (2025b, June 16). Why join the EU AI Scientific Panel? ArtificialIntelligenceAct.eu. https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/scientific-panel/
European Commission. (2017e, August). Smart Factories in new EU Member States – Digital Innovation Hubs initiative. Futurium. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/ implementing-digitising-european-industry-actions/digital-innovation-hubs-smart-factories-new-eu.html
European Data Protection Board. (2024, December 18). EDPB opinion on AI models: GDPR principles support responsible AI. European Data Protection Board. https://www.edpb.europa.eu/ news/news/2024/edpb-opinion-ai-models-gdpr-principles-support-responsible-ai_en
European Union. (2024, July 12). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300/2008, (EU) No 167/2013, (EU) No 168/2013, (EU) 2018/858, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2019/2144 and Directives 2014/90/EU, (EU) 2016/797 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act) (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union. https://eurlex.europa.eu/eli/reg/ 2024/1689/oj/eng
Eckert, S., & Börzel, T. A. (2012). Experimentalist governance: An introduction. Regulation & Governance, 6(3), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2012.01163.x
Hohmann, B., & Kollár, G. (2025). Reflections on the data protection compliance of AI systems under the EU AI Act. Cogent Social Sciences, 11(1), 2560654. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 23311886.2025.2560654
Ledendal, J. (2026). AI Data Governance: Overlaps Between the AI Act and the GDPR. Law, Innovation and Technology. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid= diva2:1996843
Nance, R., Evans, M., & Gelmetti, F. (2025, January 2). The EDPB Opinion on training AI models using personal data and recent Garante fine – lawful deployment of LLMs. Data Protection Report. https://www.dataprotectionreport.com/2025/01/the-edpb-opinion-on-training-ai-models-using-personal-data-and-recent-garante-fine-lawful-deployment-of-llms
Nagar, S., & Eaves, D. (2024). Interactions Between Artificial Intelligence and Digital Public Infrastructure: Concepts, Benefits, and Challenges (No. arXiv:2412.05761). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2412.05761
Olimid, A. P., Georgescu, C. M., & Olimid, D. A. (2024). Legal analysis of EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024): Insights from personal data governance and health policy. Access to Just. E. Eur., 120.
Oxford Insights. (2025, April 1). From policy to practice: How ALIA strengthens Spain’s public AI infrastructure. https://oxfordinsights.com/insights/from-policy-to-practice-how-alia-strengthens-spains-public-ai-infrastructure/
Sabel, C. F., & Zeitlin, J. (2010). Experimentalist governance in the European Union: Towards a new architecture. OUP Oxford. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=2-NeNbnMTWYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=experimental+governance+in+the+european+union+zeitlin&ots=sE4mnt_7u5&sig=mpghxm8YN3yFDloN8qUXQiYqoRE
Salierno, G., Leonardi, L., & Cabri, G. (2025). Generative AI and Large Language Models in Industry 5.0: Shaping Smarter Sustainable Cities. Encyclopedia, 5(1), 30.
Wolters Ruckert, N., & van der Leeuw-Veiksha, A. (2024, December 11). EDPB calls for alignment between GDPR and EU digital legislation. A&O Shearman. Lexology. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9b9f7919-db13-4d33-8b26-0cfcf2293aa6
