ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Iraq’s Identity Crisis and Iran’s Foreign Policy Orientation
The beginning of the political crisis in Syria, each regional and trans-regional actors have adopted different policies based on their interests and goals in relation to this country. Syria is an exceptional issue for countries in the region and the world's powers like the United States of America, and any transformation in that form might have a fundamental impact on the interests of each of these regional and global powers. Turkey as a regional power and the United States has always been present in the Syrian crisis as a regional power based on its interests. But the United' support of the present groups in Syria has sought to fight ISIS extremists, which Turkey has called for terrorist groups to reduce the US and Turkey relations. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytic method and using documentation sources to provide a theoretical framework, the question of why Turkey is against United States about the Syrian Kurdish issue? This study investigates the presence of United States in Syria and the support of Kurdish groups, as well as the reaction that Turkey and Iran have been involved in. The findings of this article indicate that the United States support the Kurdish groups in northern Syria has led to conflict of interest between the two countries.
https://irfajournal.csr.ir/article_126561_3a58f905ee84d9a905d9a30ac06f8c25.pdf
2019-07-01
162
189
Strategic
confrontation
Syria
Turkey
United States
Moslem
Haghi
mhaggi@yahoo.com
1
Tehran University
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Yousefi Joybari
sayehsar.yousefi@gmail.com
2
Tehran University
AUTHOR
Ehsan
Shakeri Khoee
shakeri_eh@yahoo.com
3
Tehran University
AUTHOR
Aghaei, Seyyed Davood & Rasouli, Elham, (2009), "Constructivism and Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran towards Israel", Journal of Politics Faculty of Law and Political Science, 39 (1).
1
Ahmadi, Hamid, (2000), Ethnicity; from Myth to Reality, Tehran: Ney Publishing.
2
Akbari, Hussein, (2015), Iraq and its Neighbors in the Future, Tehran: Imam Hussein University Publication.
3
Aliyan, Adnan, (2005), al-Shia and al-Dawah al-Iraqiyah al-Haditha, Beirut: Encyclopedia of Press.
4
Anderson, L., & Stanfield, G. (2004), the future of Iraq; Dictatorship, Democracy or Division, New York. Palgrave, Macmillan.
5
Asadi, Ali Akbar, (2008), New Developments and Issues in Iraq and the Iranian Approach, Tehran: Shadan Publications.
6
Bagheri, Hussein, (2013), Internal Actors in the Political Structure of Modern Iraq and Its Impact on the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Afaq Security Quarterly, Fifth Year, Issue 19, summer 2013.
7
Barzegar, Kayhan, (2011), Shiite Political and Social Influence in Iraq, Mehrnameh Magazine, May 13, 2011.
8
Bremer, Paul, (2007), Memories of the First American Ruler of Iraq. Translated by Hassan Raiszadeh, Tehran: Abi Publishing.
9
Bulordi, Mohammad Reza, (2016), Ibrahim Jafari Government Experience, Tehran: Noor Institute of Intellectual Studies.
10
Dehghani Firouzabadi, Seyed Jalal, (2010), Islamic Republic of Iran Foreign Policy, Tehran: Samt Publication.
11
Ghavam, Abdolali, (2002), Principles of Foreign Policy and International Politics, Tehran: Post Office.
12
Golchin, Ali, (1979), Iraqi Security Sociology, National University of Information and Security Publication.
13
Kirmanj, S. (2013), identity and nation in Iraq. Retrieved from https://www.rienner.com/
14
Mar, Feb, (2001), Modern Iraq History, Translated by Mohammad Abbaspour, Mashhad: Islamic Studies Foundation.
15
Mirtabar, Morteza & Aivaz, Yavar & Najafi, Vahid, (2018), Extremism, Challenges and Strategies, Qom: The Makse Andisheh Publication.
16
Moradi Calare, Sajjad & Reza, Simbor, (Fall and Winter 2016), "Iraq Social Gaps and their Impacts on the Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran based on 2014 Crisis ", Quarterly Journal of Political Sociology of the Islamic World, No. 9
17
Motaghi, Ebrahim & Soltani, Ismaeel, (Spring 2013), "Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran on Iraq and its Impact on the Regional Status of Iran", Political and International Knowledge, Second Year, No. 1.
18
Nejatani, Mehdi, (2019), Shadows of the Iraq Market, Tehran: Trading Publishing Company.
19
Niakoui, Amir & Moradi Calareh, Sajjad, (2015), "Competition of Regional Powers in Iraq", Quarterly Journal of Foreign Relations, Seventh Year, No. 1, Spring 2015.
20
Pirani, Shohreh et al., (2019), "National Deprivation and Erosion in the Islamic Community of Iraq (2003-2018)", the Quarterly Journal of Political Studies in the Islamic World, Q8, no. 30, summer, 2019.
21
Pye, W. Lucian, (2001), The Crisis of Legitimacy, "Crises and Sequences in Development", translated by Gholamreza Khajeh Sarvi, Tehran: Institute for Strategic Studies Research.
22
Ramazani, Ruhollah, (2016), An Analytical Framework for Examining the Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran, Translated by Alireza Tayeb, Tehran: Ney Publishing.
23
Sabouri, Ziaeddin & Salehian, Tajeddin, (2013), "Assessment of Constructive Theory in Examining the Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran in the Ninth and Tenth Governments (1384-1391)", Journal of International Relations Research International, First Volume, No. 10, p. 177.
24
Sadeghi, Seyyed Shamsuddin et al., (2016), "Iran-Iraq, a Strategic Perspective on Bilateral Relations", International Relations Research Quarterly, 1 (22), p. 138.
25
Talashan, Hassan, (2010), "The Shiite Geopolitical Perspective in Iraq", Journal of Shia Studies, Q8, no. 31.
26
Vaezi, Mahmood (2008), "The Approaches of Iraq Internal Groups to Iran and the United States", Research Bulletin, No. 12, Tehran: Strategic Research Center of Expediency Assembly.
27
Wilmer, F. (2002), the Social Construction of Man, State and War: Identity, Conflict and Violence in the Former Yugoslavia, London: Routledge.
28
Yazdani, Enayatollah, & Sheikh Husseini, Mokhtar, (Spring 2013), "The Crisis of Identity in Contemporary Iraq: An Analysis of the Causes and Backgrounds", Journal of Politics Faculty of Law and Political Science, 43 (1), page: 235- 217.
29
Zibaklam, Sadegh and Mohammad Reza Abdollahpour (2011), "The Fragile Geopolitics of Iraqi Kurdistan: The Factor of Convergence of Iraqi Kurds to Israel", Journal of Politics Faculty of Law and Political Science, Volume 41, Vol. 4, winter.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Between Jihad and Terrorism in Imami Shiite Thoughts and Salafi Viewpoint
The beginning of the political crisis in Syria, each regional and trans-regional actors have adopted different policies based on their interests and goals in relation to this country. Syria is an exceptional issue for countries in the region and the world's powers like the United States of America, and any transformation in that form might have a fundamental impact on the interests of each of these regional and global powers. Turkey as a regional power and the United States has always been present in the Syrian crisis as a regional power based on its interests. But the United' support of the present groups in Syria has sought to fight ISIS extremists, which Turkey has called for terrorist groups to reduce the US and Turkey relations. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytic method and using documentation sources to provide a theoretical framework, the question of why Turkey is against United States about the Syrian Kurdish issue? This study investigates the presence of United States in Syria and the support of Kurdish groups, as well as the reaction that Turkey and Iran have been involved in. The findings of this article indicate that the United States support the Kurdish groups in northern Syria has led to conflict of interest between the two countries.
https://irfajournal.csr.ir/article_126562_a7f94e7f5ec97a2ece975e3a718d1f31.pdf
2019-07-01
190
213
Strategic
confrontation
Syria
Turkey
United States
Mohammad Hossein
Jamshidi
jamshidi@modares.ac.ir
1
Tehran University
AUTHOR
Kosar
Toussi
ktoussi@gmail.com
2
Tarbiat Modares University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdullahlhani, A. (2007). ‘Terrorism Study’, Tehran: Abrare Moaser.
1
Aghabakhshi, A. and Afshari, M. (2000). ‘Political Science Dictionary’, Tehran: Chapar.
2
Ahmadi, M. (2005). ‘Security, Concepts, Foundation and Approaches, Second Part: Islamic Approach’ , in ‘Morabbian’, issue 5, and no. 15.
3
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4
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5
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6
Amid Zanjani, A. (2000). Political Feghh of International Law and Obligations and Diplomacy in Islam, Tehran: Samt.
7
Armborst, A. (2010).‘Modelling Terrorism and Political Violence’,Reprints and Permissions: <http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalspermissions.nav> 24(4).
8
Blick, J., Golshan Pajooh, M. (2006).‘Soft Power, Soft Threat; an Offer to Policy Making’, in ‘Rahbord’, issue 19, no.55.
9
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10
Baylis, J., Smith S. (2005). ‘The Globalization of World Politics’, Oxford: OUP.
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13
Ebrahimi, S., Sotoodeh, A., & Sheikhoon, E., (2014). ‘Comparative Analysis Islam' Security Approach with Liberalism and Realism Security Approach’, in ‘Political Studies of Islamic World’, issue.1, no.4.
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55
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56
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Competition Between Iran and Saudi Arabia: Internal Factors
The beginning of the political crisis in Syria, each regional and trans-regional actors have adopted different policies based on their interests and goals in relation to this country. Syria is an exceptional issue for countries in the region and the world's powers like the United States of America, and any transformation in that form might have a fundamental impact on the interests of each of these regional and global powers. Turkey as a regional power and the United States has always been present in the Syrian crisis as a regional power based on its interests. But the United' support of the present groups in Syria has sought to fight ISIS extremists, which Turkey has called for terrorist groups to reduce the US and Turkey relations. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytic method and using documentation sources to provide a theoretical framework, the question of why Turkey is against United States about the Syrian Kurdish issue? This study investigates the presence of United States in Syria and the support of Kurdish groups, as well as the reaction that Turkey and Iran have been involved in. The findings of this article indicate that the United States support the Kurdish groups in northern Syria has led to conflict of interest between the two countries.
https://irfajournal.csr.ir/article_126564_5c7806e3fcb2da58f6450f3e3cff6134.pdf
2019-07-01
251
280
Strategic
confrontation
Syria
Turkey
United States
Ali
Ghasemi
1
Razi University, Kermanshah
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Nasehi
m.nasehi67@gmail.com
2
Political Science, Razi University, Kermanshah
AUTHOR
Ebrahimi, N (2015), "Wahhabi Salafism; Saudi-Iranian Identity Differences", National Journal of Quarterly Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 160-146
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Asadi, A.A (2011), "The Behavioral Behavior of the Actors of Bahrain," Journal of Strategic Studies, Islamic World, vol. 12, No. 45, pp. 92-63.
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Aghaei, D, Ahmadian, H (2009), "Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia Relations, Fundamental Challenges and Future Facilities," Quarterly Journal of Policy, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 19-1
3
Strategic Thinking for Explaination (2017), "A Study of the Social Fields of the Establishment of the Power of Mohammad Bin Salman", at: www.tabyin center.ir
4
Parastar, A (2013), "The Impact of National Identity on Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1979-2020)", Thesis, accessed at: www.Irandoc.ir
5
Jamshidi Rad, J (2010), "The Wahhabism Cult and Its Political Objectives," Journal of Political Studies, Volume 3, Issue 9, Pages 181-195.
6
Chamani Khorram Abadi, M (2014), "Geopolitical Analysis of the North-South Corridor", Thesis, Accessed at: www.Irandoc.ir
7
Hafez Nia, Rumina, I (2017), "The Impact of Iranian-Saudi Geopolitical Interests on Regional Challenges in Southwest Asia," Journal of Geographic Research, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 20-10
8
Haghshenas, M (2013), "Neoclassic Realism, From International Politics to Foreign Policy", Foreign Policy Quarterly, 27, No. 3, pp. 678-660.
9
Dehghani Firoozabadi, Jalal (2009), "National Source of Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran", Quarterly Journal of Policy, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 245-221.
10
Hassantash.Gh (2014), “Iran, Saudi Oil Relationship: Friendship or Rivalry”, International Association for Energy Economics, First Quarter 2014. Seventh NAEE/IAEE International Conference Energy Access and Sustainable Economic Development for Africa.
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Vrushal T. GHOBLE (2017) Iran’s Prospects of Return to the Gas Market and Other Stakeholders, Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 11:3, 80-89, DOI: 10.1080/25765949.2017.12023311
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Coville.T (2013), ECONOMIC COMPETITION FOR REGIONAL SUPREMACY: IRAN VERSUS SAUDI ARABIA (AND QATAR), Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2013, find this article at: www.awraq.es/blob.aspx?idx= 6& nId=100&hash
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31
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41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Domestic Factions and the External Environment in Iran’s Foreign Policy
The beginning of the political crisis in Syria, each regional and trans-regional actors have adopted different policies based on their interests and goals in relation to this country. Syria is an exceptional issue for countries in the region and the world's powers like the United States of America, and any transformation in that form might have a fundamental impact on the interests of each of these regional and global powers. Turkey as a regional power and the United States has always been present in the Syrian crisis as a regional power based on its interests. But the United' support of the present groups in Syria has sought to fight ISIS extremists, which Turkey has called for terrorist groups to reduce the US and Turkey relations. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytic method and using documentation sources to provide a theoretical framework, the question of why Turkey is against United States about the Syrian Kurdish issue? This study investigates the presence of United States in Syria and the support of Kurdish groups, as well as the reaction that Turkey and Iran have been involved in. The findings of this article indicate that the United States support the Kurdish groups in northern Syria has led to conflict of interest between the two countries.
https://irfajournal.csr.ir/article_126565_965594cb2bf519ceeded71eb2708647c.pdf
2019-07-01
281
313
Strategic
confrontation
Syria
Turkey
United States
Alberto
Gasparetto
alberto.gasparetto@gmail.com
1
Padua University
AUTHOR
Abootalebi, A. 2004. Iran’s struggle for Democracy Continues: an Evaluation of Twenty-Five Years after the Revolution”, Middle East Review of Foreign Affairs, 8:2, 38-47
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Alamdari, K. 2005. The Power Structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Transition from Populism to Clientelism, and Militarization of the Government, Third World Quarterly, 26:8, 1285-1301
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Akhavi-Pour, H. and Azodanloo, H. 1998. Economic Bases of Political Factions in Iran, Middle East Critique, 7:13, 69-82
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Barzegar, K. 2008 (a). Iran and the Shiite Crescent: Myths and Realities, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, XV:1, 87-99
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Barzegar, K. 2008 (b). Iran’s Foreign Policy in Post-Invasion Iraq, Middle East Policy, XV: 4, 47-58
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Barzegar, K. 2010. Iran’s Foreign Policy Strategy after Saddam, The Washington Quarterly, 33:1, 173-189
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Barzegar, K. and Divsallar, A. 2017. Political Rationality in Iranian Foreign Policy,
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The Washington Quarterly, 40:1, 39-53
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Barzegar, K. and Rezaei, M. 2017. Ayatollah Khamenei’s Strategic Thinking,
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Discourse: An Iranian Quarterly, 11:3, 27-54
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Behrooz M. 1991. Factionalism in Iran Under Khomeini”, Middle Eastern Studies, 27:4, 597-614
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Bora, B. 02/26/2017. What is Behind the Hostility Between Iran and Turkey, http:// www. aljazeera. com/ indepth/ features/ 2017/02/ hostility- iran- turkey-170225184418231.html, accessed: 10/27/2017
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Buchta, W. 2000. Who rules Iran? The structure of power in the Islamic Republic, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy and the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Dehghan, S. K. 04/27/2011. Iran’s President and Supreme Leader in Rift over Minister’s Reinstatement, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/27/iran-president-supreme-leader-rift. Accessed: 08/17/2011
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55
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The 2030 EU Energy Strategy and Iran's Energy Demand Security
The beginning of the political crisis in Syria, each regional and trans-regional actors have adopted different policies based on their interests and goals in relation to this country. Syria is an exceptional issue for countries in the region and the world's powers like the United States of America, and any transformation in that form might have a fundamental impact on the interests of each of these regional and global powers. Turkey as a regional power and the United States has always been present in the Syrian crisis as a regional power based on its interests. But the United' support of the present groups in Syria has sought to fight ISIS extremists, which Turkey has called for terrorist groups to reduce the US and Turkey relations. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytic method and using documentation sources to provide a theoretical framework, the question of why Turkey is against United States about the Syrian Kurdish issue? This study investigates the presence of United States in Syria and the support of Kurdish groups, as well as the reaction that Turkey and Iran have been involved in. The findings of this article indicate that the United States support the Kurdish groups in northern Syria has led to conflict of interest between the two countries.
https://irfajournal.csr.ir/article_126563_7bc33af02c9e10f50f9a691543dfeda6.pdf
2019-07-01
214
250
Strategic
confrontation
Syria
Turkey
United States
Saeed
Vedadi Kalantar
saeed.vedadi@ut.ac.ir
1
University of Tehran
AUTHOR
Amir Ali
Seifoddin
2
Tehran University
AUTHOR
Angelis-Dimakis, A., et al. (2012). "Monitoring the sustainability of the Greek energy system." Energy for Sustainable Development 16(1): 51-56.
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Chen, A. and X. Xu (2012). "Goal programming approach to solving network design problem with multiple objectives and demand uncertainty." Expert Systems with applications 39(4): 4160-4170.
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deLlano-Paz, F., et al. (2016). "Addressing 2030 EU policy framework for energy and climate: Cost, risk and energy security issues." Energy 115: 1347-1360.
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Hocine, A., et al. (2018). "Optimizing renewable energy portfolios under uncertainty: A multi-segment fuzzy goal programming approach." Renewable energy 129: 540-552.
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32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Confrontation between US-Turkey's Strategic Interests in Northern Syria and Iran's Foreign Policy
The beginning of the political crisis in Syria, each regional and trans-regional actors have adopted different policies based on their interests and goals in relation to this country. Syria is an exceptional issue for countries in the region and the world's powers like the United States of America, and any transformation in that form might have a fundamental impact on the interests of each of these regional and global powers. Turkey as a regional power and the United States has always been present in the Syrian crisis as a regional power based on its interests. But the United' support of the present groups in Syria has sought to fight ISIS extremists, which Turkey has called for terrorist groups to reduce the US and Turkey relations. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytic method and using documentation sources to provide a theoretical framework, the question of why Turkey is against United States about the Syrian Kurdish issue? This study investigates the presence of United States in Syria and the support of Kurdish groups, as well as the reaction that Turkey and Iran have been involved in. The findings of this article indicate that the United States support the Kurdish groups in northern Syria has led to conflict of interest between the two countries.
https://irfajournal.csr.ir/article_126566_b32d8884d847fa569dd0660f65d69377.pdf
2019-07-01
313
351
Strategic
confrontation
Syria
Turkey
United States
Ali Akbar
Jafari
a.jafari@umz.ac.ir
1
Tehran University
AUTHOR
Seyed Saleh
musavi
salehmusavi111@yahoo.com
2
University of Mazandaran
AUTHOR
Ajorlu, Mohammad Jafar and Mahmoud Rammaz, (2013),” A Turkish Geopolitical effect on foreign policy of the Islamic State of Justice and Development”, Afaq Journal of Security, Vol. 5. No. 20 Bear. [In Persian]
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Bagheri Dolatabadi, Ali, Dehgolan Rahimi, Sirvan, (2015), " Syrian crisis: Investigation of motives, positions and future of Kurds”, Journal of Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, No. 1. [In Persian]
4
Bagheri Dolatabadi, Ali, Jamshid Kholghi and Abdolreza Fathi Mozaffari, (2012), " Syrian political developments: foundations, Trends and complexities”, Journal of Strategic Policy Research, vol. 1, No. 4. [In Persian]
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